وحدة:Wikidata.Ca

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-- version 20220818 from master @cawiki

local p = {}

-- Initialization of variables --------------------

local i18n = {						-- internationalisation at [[Module:Wikidata/i18n]]
	["errors"] = {
		["property-not-found"] = "Property not found.",
		["qualifier-not-found"] = "Qualifier not found.",
	},
	
	["datetime"] = {
		-- $1 is a placeholder for the actual number
		["beforenow"] = "$1 BCE",	-- how to format negative numbers for precisions 0 to 5
		["afternow"] = "$1 CE",		-- how to format positive numbers for precisions 0 to 5
		["bc"] = "$1 BCE",			-- how print negative years
		["ad"] = "$1",				-- how print 1st century AD dates
		
		[0] = "$1 billion years",	-- precision: billion years
		[1] = "$100 million years",	-- precision: hundred million years
		[2] = "$10 million years",	-- precision: ten million years
		[3] = "$1 million years",	-- precision: million years
		[4] = "$100000 years",		-- precision: hundred thousand years; thousand separators added afterwards
		[5] = "$10000 years",		-- precision: ten thousand years; thousand separators added afterwards
		[6] = "$1 millennium",		-- precision: millennium
		[7] = "$1 century",			-- precision: century
		[8] = "$1s",				-- precision: decade
		-- the following use the format of #time parser function
		[9] = "Y",					-- precision: year, 
		[10] = "F Y",				-- precision: month
		[11] = "F j, Y",			-- precision: day
		
		["hms"] = {["hours"] = "h", ["minutes"] = "m", ["seconds"] = "s"},	-- duration: xh xm xs
	},
	
	["years-old"] = {"", ""},		-- year(s) old, as in {{PLURAL:$1|singular|plural}}
	-- two values for most languages, up to six values for some languages
	-- see documentation of PLURAL magic word in your language, examples:
	-- ["years-old"] = {"singular", "paucal", "plural"} in Russian and other Slavic languages
	-- ["years-old"] = {"zero", "one", "two", "few 3-10", "many 11-99", "other 100-102"} in Arabic
	
	["cite"] = {					-- cite parameters
		["title"] = "title",
		["author"] = "author",
		["date"] = "date",
		["pages"] = "pages",
		["language"] = "language",
		-- cite web parameters
		["url"] = "url",
		["website"] = "website",
		["access-date"] = "access-date",
		["archive-url"] = "archive-url",
		["archive-date"] = "archive-date",
		["publisher"] = "publisher",
		["quote"] = "quote",
		-- cite journal parameters
		["work"] = "work",
		["issue"] = "issue",
		["issn"] = "issn",
		["doi"] = "doi"
	},
	
	-- default local wiki settings
	["addpencil"] = false, -- adds a pencil icon linked to Wikidata statement, planned to overwrite by Wikidata Bridge
	["categorylabels"] = "", -- Category:Pages with Wikidata labels not translated (void for no local category)
	["categoryprop"] = "", -- Category:Pages using Wikidata property $1 (void for no local category)
	["categoryref"] = "", -- Category:Pages with references from Wikidata (void for no local category)
	["addfallback"] = {}, -- additional fallback language codes
	["suppressids"] = {}, -- list of Qid values to suppress
	["qidlabels"] = true -- show labels as Qid if no fallback translation is available
}

local cases = {} -- functions for local grammatical cases defined at [[Module:Wikidata/i18n]]

local required = ... -- variadic arguments from require function
local wiki = 
{
	langcode = mw.language.getContentLanguage().code,
	module_title = required or mw.getCurrentFrame():getTitle()
}

local untranslated -- used in infobox modules: nil or true
local _ -- variable for unused returned values, avoiding globals

-- Module local functions --------------------------------------------

-- Credit to http://stackoverflow.com/a/1283608/2644759, cc-by-sa 3.0
local function tableMerge(t1, t2)
	for k, v in pairs(t2) do
		if type(v) == "table" then
			if type(t1[k] or false) == "table" then
				tableMerge(t1[k] or {}, t2[k] or {})
			else
				t1[k] = v
			end
		else
			t1[k] = v
		end
	end
	return t1
end

local function loadI18n(lang)
	local exist, res = pcall(require, wiki.module_title .. "/i18n")
	if exist and next(res) ~= nil then
		tableMerge(i18n, res.i18n)
		cases = res.cases
	end
	if lang ~= wiki.langcode then
		exist, res = pcall(require, wiki.module_title .. "/i18n/" .. lang)
		if exist and next(res) ~= nil then
			tableMerge(i18n, res.i18n)
			tableMerge(cases, res.cases)
		end
	end
	i18n.suppress = {}
	for _, id in ipairs(i18n.suppressids) do
		i18n.suppress[id] = true
	end
end

-- Table of language codes: requested or default and its fallbacks
local function findLang(langcode)
	if mw.language.isKnownLanguageTag(langcode or '') == false then
		local cframe = mw.getCurrentFrame()
		local pframe = cframe:getParent()
		langcode = pframe and pframe.args.lang
		if mw.language.isKnownLanguageTag(langcode or '') == false then
			if not mw.title.getCurrentTitle().isContentPage then
				langcode = cframe:preprocess('{{int:lang}}')
			end
			if mw.language.isKnownLanguageTag(langcode or '') == false then
				langcode = wiki.langcode
			end
		end
	end
	
	loadI18n(langcode)
	
	local languages = mw.language.getFallbacksFor(langcode)
	table.insert(languages, 1, langcode)
	if langcode == wiki.langcode then
		for _, l in ipairs(i18n.addfallback) do
			table.insert(languages, l)
		end
	end
	
	return languages
end

-- Argument is 'set' when it exists (not nil) or when it is not an empty string.
local function isSet(var)
	return not (var == nil or (type(var) == 'string' and mw.text.trim(var) == ''))
end

-- Set local case to a label
local function case(localcase, label, ...)
	if not isSet(label) then return label end
	
	if type(localcase) == "function" then
		return localcase(label)
	elseif localcase == "smallcaps" then
		return '<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">' .. label .. '</span>'
	elseif cases[localcase] then
		return cases[localcase](label, ...)
	end
	
	return label
end

-- get safely a serialized snak
local function getSnak(statement, snaks)
	local ret = statement
	for i, v in ipairs(snaks) do
		if not ret then return end
		ret = ret[v]
	end
	return ret
end

-- mw.wikibase.getLabelWithLang or getLabelByLang with a table of languages
local function getLabelByLangs(id, languages)
	local label
	local lang
	for _, l in ipairs(languages) do
		if l == wiki.langcode then
			-- using getLabelWithLang when possible instead of getLabelByLang
			label, l = mw.wikibase.getLabelWithLang(id)
		else
			label = mw.wikibase.getLabelByLang(id, l)
		end
		if label then
			lang = l
			break
		end
	end
	return label, lang
end

-- getBestStatements if bestrank=true, else getAllStatements with no deprecated
local function getStatements(entityId, property, bestrank)
	local claims = {}
	if not (entityId and mw.ustring.match(property, "^P%d+$")) then return claims end
	if bestrank then
		claims = mw.wikibase.getBestStatements(entityId, property)
	else
		local allclaims = mw.wikibase.getAllStatements(entityId, property)
		for _, c in ipairs(allclaims) do
			if c.rank ~= "deprecated" then
				table.insert(claims, c)
			end
		end
	end
	return claims
end

-- Is gender femenine? true or false
local function feminineGender(id)
	local claims = mw.wikibase.getBestStatements(id or mw.wikibase.getEntityIdForCurrentPage(),'P21')
	local gender_id = getSnak(claims, {1, "mainsnak", "datavalue", "value", "id"})
	if gender_id == "Q6581072" or gender_id == "Q1052281" or gender_id == "Q43445" then -- female, transgender female, female organism
		return true
	end
	return false
end

-- Fetch female form of label
local function feminineForm(id, lang)
	local feminine_claims = getStatements(id, 'P2521')
	for _, feminine_claim in ipairs(feminine_claims) do
		if getSnak(feminine_claim, {'mainsnak', 'datavalue', 'value', 'language'}) == lang then
			return feminine_claim.mainsnak.datavalue.value.text
		end
	end
end

-- Add an icon for no label in requested language
local function addLabelIcon(label_id, lang, uselang, icon)
	local ret_lang, ret_icon = '', ''
	if icon then
		if lang and lang ~= uselang then
			ret_lang = " <sup>(" .. lang .. ")</sup>"
		end
		if label_id and (lang == nil or lang ~= uselang) then
			local namespace = ''
			if string.sub(label_id, 1, 1) == 'P' then
				namespace = 'Property:'
			end
			ret_icon = " [[File:Noun Project label icon 1116097 cc mirror.svg|10px|baseline|"
				.. mw.message.new('Translate-taction-translate'):inLanguage(uselang):plain()
				.. "|link=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/" .. namespace .. label_id .. "?uselang=" .. uselang .. "]]"
			untranslated = true
		end
		if isSet(i18n.categorylabels) and lang ~= uselang and uselang == wiki.langcode then
			ret_icon = ret_icon .. '[[' .. i18n.categorylabels .. (lang and ']]' or '/Q]]')
		end
	end
	return ret_lang .. ret_icon
end

-- editicon values: true/false (no=false), right, void defaults to i18n.addpencil
-- labelicon only by parameter
local function setIcons(arg, parg)
	local val = arg == nil and parg or arg
	local edit_icon, label_icon
	if not isSet(val) then
		edit_icon, label_icon = i18n.addpencil, true
	elseif val == false or val == "false" or val == "no" then
		edit_icon, label_icon = false, false
	else
		edit_icon, label_icon = val, true
	end
	return edit_icon, label_icon
end

-- Add an icon for editing a statement with requirements for Wikidata Bridge
local function addEditIcon(parameters)
	local ret = ''
	if parameters.editicon and parameters.id and parameters.property then
		local icon_style = parameters.editicon == "right" and ' style="float: right;"' or ''
		ret = ' <span class="penicon" data-bridge-edit-flow="single-best-value"' .. icon_style .. '>'
			.. "[[File:Arbcom ru editing.svg|10px|baseline|"
			.. string.gsub(mw.message.new('Wikibase-client-data-bridge-bailout-suggestion-go-to-repo-button'):inLanguage(parameters.lang[1]):plain(), '{{WBREPONAME}}', 'Wikidata')
			.. "|link=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/" .. parameters.id .. "?uselang=" .. parameters.lang[1] .. "#" .. parameters.property .. "]]"
			.. "</span>"
		if isSet(i18n.categoryprop) then
			ret = ret .. "[[" .. string.gsub(i18n.categoryprop, '$1', parameters.property) .. "]]"
		end
	end
	return ret
end
-- add edit icon to the last element of a table
local function addEditIconTable(thetable, parameters)
	if #thetable == 0 or parameters.editicon == false then
		return thetable
	end
	local last_element = thetable[#thetable]
	local the_icon = addEditIcon(parameters)
	-- add it before last html closing tags
	local tags = ''
	local rev_element = string.reverse(last_element)
	for tag in string.gmatch(rev_element, '(>%l+/<)') do
		if string.match(rev_element, '^' .. tags .. tag) then
			tags = tags .. tag
		else
			break
		end
	end
	local last_tags = string.reverse(tags)
	local offset = string.find(last_element, last_tags .. '$')
	if offset then
		thetable[#thetable] = string.sub(last_element, 1, offset - 1) .. the_icon .. last_tags
	else
		thetable[#thetable] = last_element .. the_icon
	end
	return thetable
end

-- Escape Lua captures
local function captureEscapes(text)
	return mw.ustring.gsub(text, "(%%%d)", "%%%1")
end

-- expandTemplate or callParserFunction
local function expandBraces(text, formatting)
	if text == nil or formatting == nil then return text end
	-- only expand braces if provided in argument, not included in value as in Q1164668
	if mw.ustring.find(formatting, '{{', 1, true) == nil then return text end
	if type(text) ~= "string" then
		text = tostring(text)
	end
	
	for braces in mw.ustring.gmatch(text, "{{(.-)}}") do
		local parts = mw.text.split(braces, "|")
		local title_part = parts[1]
		local parameters = {}
		for i = 2, #parts do
			local subparts = mw.ustring.find(parts[i], "=")
			if subparts then
				local param_name = mw.ustring.sub(parts[i], 1, subparts - 1)
				local param_value = mw.ustring.sub(parts[i], subparts + 1, -1)
				-- reconstruct broken links by parts
				if i < #parts and mw.ustring.find(param_value, "[[", 1, true) and not mw.ustring.find(param_value, "]]", 1, true) then
					parameters[param_name] = param_value
					local part_next = i + 1
					while parts[part_next] and mw.ustring.find(parts[part_next], "]]", 1, true) do
						parameters[param_name] = parameters[param_name] .. "|" .. parts[part_next]
						part_next = part_next + 1
					end
				else
					parameters[param_name] = param_value
				end
			elseif not mw.ustring.find(parts[i], "]]", 1, true) then
				table.insert(parameters, parts[i])
			end
		end
		
		local braces_expanded
		if mw.ustring.find(title_part, ":")
			and mw.text.split(title_part, ":")[1] ~= mw.site.namespaces[10].name -- not a prefix Template:
			then
			braces_expanded = mw.getCurrentFrame():callParserFunction{name=title_part, args=parameters}
		else
			braces_expanded = mw.getCurrentFrame():expandTemplate{title=title_part, args=parameters}
		end
		braces = mw.ustring.gsub(braces, "([%^%$%(%)%%%.%[%]%*%+%-%?])", "%%%1") -- escape magic characters
		braces_expanded = captureEscapes(braces_expanded)
		text = mw.ustring.gsub(text, "{{" .. braces .. "}}", braces_expanded)
	end
	
	return text
end

-- format data type math
local function printDatatypeMath(data)
	return mw.getCurrentFrame():callParserFunction('#tag:math', data)
end

-- format data type musical-notation
local function printDatatypeMusical(data, formatting)
	local attr = {}
	if formatting == 'sound' then
		attr.sound = 1
	end
	return mw.getCurrentFrame():extensionTag('score', data, attr)
end

-- format data type string
local function printDatatypeString(data, parameters)
	if mw.ustring.find((parameters.formatting or ''), '$1', 1, true) then -- formatting = a pattern
		return expandBraces(mw.ustring.gsub(parameters.formatting, '$1', {['$1'] = data}), parameters.formatting)
	elseif parameters.case then
		return case(parameters.case, data, parameters.lang[1], feminineGender(parameters.id))
	end
	local data_number = string.match(data, "^%d+")
	if data_number then -- sort key by initial number and remaining string
		local sortkey = string.format("%019d", data_number * 1000)
		return data, sortkey .. string.sub(data, #data_number + 1)
	end
	return data
end

-- format data type tabular-data
local function printDatatypeTabular(data, parameters)
	local icon
	if parameters.formatting == 'raw' then
		icon = "no-icon"
		data = string.gsub(data, '^Data:', '') -- remove prefix, i.e. see Module:Tabular data
	end
	return printDatatypeString(data, parameters), icon
end

-- format data type url
local function printDatatypeUrl(data, parameters)
	if parameters.formatting == 'weblink' then
		local label_parts = mw.text.split(string.gsub(data, '/$', ''), '/')
		local label = string.gsub(label_parts[3], '^www%.', '')
		if #label_parts > 3 then
			label = label .. '…'
		end
		return '[' .. data .. ' ' .. label .. ']'
	end
	return printDatatypeString(data, parameters)
end

-- format data type external-id
local function printDatatypeExternal(data, parameters)
	if parameters.formatting == 'externalid' then
		local p_stat = mw.wikibase.getBestStatements(parameters.property, 'P1630') -- formatter URL
		local p_link_pattern = getSnak(p_stat, {1, "mainsnak", "datavalue", "value"})
		if p_link_pattern then
			local p_link = mw.ustring.gsub(p_link_pattern, '$1', {['$1'] = data})
			return '[' .. p_link .. ' ' .. data .. ']'
		end
	end
	return printDatatypeString(data, parameters)
end

-- format data type commonsMedia and geo-shape
local function printDatatypeMedia(data, parameters)
	local icon
	if not string.find((parameters.formatting or ''), '$1', 1, true) then
		icon = "no-icon"
		if not string.find(data, '^Data:') then
			data = mw.uri.encode(data, 'PATH') -- encode special characters in filename
		end
	end
	return printDatatypeString(data, parameters), icon
end

-- format data type globe-coordinate
local function printDatatypeCoordinate(data, formatting)
	local function globes(globe_id)
		local globes = {['Q3134']='callisto',['Q596']='ceres',['Q15040']='dione',['Q2']='earth',['Q3303']='enceladus',
			['Q3143']='europa',['Q17975']='phoebe',['Q3169']='ganymede',['Q3123']='io',['Q17958']='iapetus',
			['Q308']='mercury',['Q15034']='mimas',['Q405']='moon',['Q15050']='rhea',['Q15047']='tethys',
			['Q111']='mars',['Q2565']='titan',['Q3359']='triton',['Q313']='venus',['Q3030']='vesta'}
		return globes[globe_id]
	end
	
	local function roundPrecision(num, prec)
		if prec == nil or prec <= 0 then return num end
		local sig = 10^math.floor(math.log10(prec)+.5) -- significant figure from sexagesimal precision: 0.00123 -> 0.001
		return math.floor(num / sig + 0.5) * sig
	end
	
	local precision = data.precision
	local latitude = roundPrecision(data.latitude, precision)
	local longitude = roundPrecision(data.longitude, precision)
	if formatting and string.find(formatting, '$lat', 1, true) and string.find(formatting, '$lon', 1, true) then
		local ret = mw.ustring.gsub(formatting, '$l[ao][tn]', {['$lat'] = latitude, ['$lon'] = longitude})
		if string.find(formatting, '$globe', 1, true) then
			local myglobe = 'earth'
			if isSet(data.globe) then
				local globenum = mw.text.split(data.globe, 'entity/')[2] -- http://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2
				myglobe = globes(globenum) or 'earth'
			end
			ret = mw.ustring.gsub(ret, '$globe', myglobe)
		end
		return expandBraces(ret, formatting)
	elseif formatting == 'latitude' then
		return latitude, "no-icon"
	elseif formatting == 'longitude' then
		return longitude, "no-icon"
	elseif formatting == 'dimension' then
		return data.dimension, "no-icon"
	else --default formatting='globe'
		if isSet(data.globe) == false or data.globe == 'http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q2' then
			return 'earth', "no-icon"
		else
			local globenum = mw.text.split(data.globe, 'entity/')[2]
			return globes(globenum) or globenum, "no-icon"
		end
	end
end

-- Local functions for data value quantity
local function unitSymbol(id, lang) -- get unit symbol or code
	local unit_symbol = ''
	if lang == wiki.langcode and pcall(require, wiki.module_title .. "/Units") then
		unit_symbol = require(wiki.module_title .. "/Units").getUnit(0, '', id, true)
	end
	if unit_symbol == '' then
		-- fetch it
		local claims = mw.wikibase.getBestStatements(id, 'P5061')
		if #claims > 0 then
			local langclaims = {}
			table.insert(lang, 'mul') -- multilingual as last try
			for _, snak in ipairs(claims) do
				local snak_language = getSnak(snak, {"mainsnak", "datavalue", "value", "language"})
				if snak_language and not langclaims[snak_language] then -- just the first one by language
					langclaims[snak_language] = snak.mainsnak.datavalue.value.text
				end
			end
			for _, l in ipairs(lang) do
				if langclaims[l] then
					return langclaims[l]
				end
			end
		end
	end
	return unit_symbol
end

local function getUnit(amount, id, parameters) -- get unit symbol or name
	local suffix = ''
	if string.sub(parameters.formatting or '', 1, 8) == "unitcode" then
		-- get unit symbol
		local unit_symbol = unitSymbol(id, parameters.lang)
		if isSet(unit_symbol) then
			if string.sub(parameters.formatting or '', -6) == "linked" then
				suffix = "[[" .. (mw.wikibase.getSitelink(id) or "d:" .. id) .. "|" .. unit_symbol .. "]]"
			else
				suffix = unit_symbol
			end
		end
	end
	if suffix == '' then -- formatting=unit, or formatting=unitcode not found
		-- get unit label
		local unit_label, lang = getLabelByLangs(id, parameters.lang)
		if lang == wiki.langcode and pcall(require, wiki.module_title .. "/Units") then
			suffix = require(wiki.module_title .. "/Units").getUnit(amount, unit_label, id, false)
			if string.sub(parameters.formatting or '', -6) == "linked" then
				suffix = "[[" .. (mw.wikibase.getSitelink(id) or "d:" .. id) .. "|" .. suffix .. "]]"
			end
		else
			suffix = (unit_label or id) .. addLabelIcon(id, lang, parameters.lang[1], parameters.labelicon)
		end
	end
	if suffix ~= '' then
		suffix = ' ' .. suffix
	end
	return suffix
end

local function roundDefPrecision(in_num, factor)
	-- rounds out_num with significant figures of in_num (default precision)
	local out_num = in_num * factor
	if factor/60 == math.floor(factor/60) or out_num == 0 then -- sexagesimal integer or avoiding NaN
		return out_num
	end
	-- first, count digits after decimal mark, handling cases like '12.345e6'
	local exponent, prec
	local integer, dot, decimals, expstr = in_num:match('^(%d*)(%.?)(%d*)(.*)')
	local e = expstr:sub(1, 1)
	if e == 'e' or e == 'E' then
		exponent = tonumber(expstr:sub(2))
	end
	if dot == '' then
		prec = -integer:match('0*$'):len()
	else
		prec = #decimals
	end
	if exponent then
		-- So '1230' and '1.23e3' both give prec = -1, and '0.00123' and '1.23e-3' give 5.
		prec = prec - exponent
	end
	-- significant figures
	local in_bracket = 10^-prec -- -1 -> 10, 5 -> 0.00001
	local out_bracket = in_bracket * out_num / in_num
	out_bracket = 10^math.floor(math.log10(out_bracket)+.5) -- 1230 -> 1000, 0.00123 -> 0.001
	-- round it (credit to Luc Bloom from http://lua-users.org/wiki/SimpleRound)
	return math.floor(out_num/out_bracket + (out_num >=0 and 1 or -1) * 0.5) * out_bracket
end

-- format data type quantity
local function printDatatypeQuantity(data, parameters)
	local amount = data.amount
	amount = mw.ustring.gsub(amount, "%+", "")
	local suffix = ""
	local conv_amount, conv_suffix
	if string.sub(parameters.formatting or '', 1, 4) == "unit" or string.sub(parameters.formatting or '', 1, 8) == "duration" or parameters.convert then
		local unit_id = data.unit
		unit_id = mw.ustring.sub(unit_id, mw.ustring.find(unit_id, "Q"), -1)
		if string.sub(unit_id, 1, 1) == "Q" then
			suffix = getUnit(amount, unit_id, parameters)
			local convert_to
			if parameters.convert == "default" or parameters.convert == "default2" then
				local exist, units = pcall(require, wiki.module_title .. "/Units")
				if exist and units.convert_default and next(units.convert_default) ~= nil then
					convert_to = units.convert_default[unit_id]
				end
			elseif string.sub(parameters.convert or '', 1, 1) == "Q" then
				convert_to = parameters.convert
			elseif string.sub(parameters.formatting or '', 1, 8) == "duration" then
				convert_to = 'Q11574' -- seconds
			end
			if convert_to and convert_to ~= unit_id then
				-- convert units
				local conv_temp = { -- formulae for temperatures ºC, ºF, ªK: [from] = {[to] = 'formula'}
					['Q25267'] = {['Q42289'] = '$1*1.8+32', ['Q11597'] = '$1+273.15'},
					['Q42289'] = {['Q25267'] = '($1-32)/1.8', ['Q11597'] = '($1+459.67)*5/9'},
					['Q11597'] = {['Q25267'] = '$1-273.15', ['Q42289'] = '($1-273.15)*1.8000+32.00'}
				}
				if conv_temp[unit_id] and conv_temp[unit_id][convert_to] then
					local amount_f = mw.getCurrentFrame():callParserFunction('#expr', mw.ustring.gsub(conv_temp[unit_id][convert_to], "$1", amount))
					conv_amount = math.floor(tonumber(amount_f) + 0.5)
				else
					local conversions = getStatements(unit_id, 'P2442') -- conversion to standard unit
					table.insert(conversions, mw.wikibase.getBestStatements(unit_id, 'P2370')[1]) -- conversion to SI unit
					for _, conv in ipairs(conversions) do
						if conv.mainsnak.snaktype == 'value' then -- no somevalue nor novalue
							if conv.mainsnak.datavalue.value.unit == "http://www.wikidata.org/entity/" .. convert_to then
								conv_amount = roundDefPrecision(amount, tonumber(conv.mainsnak.datavalue.value.amount))
								break
							end
						end
					end
				end
				if conv_amount then
					conv_suffix = getUnit(conv_amount, convert_to, parameters)
				end
			elseif parameters.convert == 'M' and tonumber(amount) > 10^8 then
				conv_amount = math.floor(amount/10^6 + 0.5)
				conv_suffix = ' M' .. string.sub(suffix, 2)
			end
			if conv_amount and parameters.formatting == 'raw' then
				amount = conv_amount
				suffix = ""
				conv_amount = nil
			end
		end
	end
	local lang_obj = mw.language.new(parameters.lang[1])
	local sortkey = string.format("%019d", tonumber(amount) * 1000)
	if string.sub(parameters.formatting or '', 1, 8) == "duration" then
		local sec = tonumber(conv_amount or amount)
		if parameters.formatting == 'duration' then
			return lang_obj:formatDuration(sec)
		elseif parameters.formatting == 'durationm:s' then
			local mm = math.floor(sec / 60)
			local ss = sec - (mm * 60)
			return string.format("%02d:%02d", mm, ss)
		else -- durationhms or durationh:m:s
			local intervals = {"hours", "minutes", "seconds"}
			local sec2table = lang_obj:getDurationIntervals(sec, intervals)
			sec2table["seconds"] = (sec2table["seconds"] or 0) + tonumber("." .. (tostring(sec):match("%.(%d+)") or "0")) -- add decimals
			local duration = ''
			for i, v in ipairs(intervals) do
				if parameters.formatting == 'durationh:m:s' then
					if i == 1 and sec2table[v] then
						duration = duration .. sec2table[v] .. ":"
					elseif i == 2 then
						duration = duration .. string.format("%02d", sec2table[v] or 0) .. ":"
					elseif i == 3 then
						local sec_str = tostring(lang_obj:formatNum(sec2table[v] or 0))
						duration = duration .. (sec2table[v] < 10 and "0" or "") .. sec_str
					end
				elseif sec2table[v] then
					duration = duration .. lang_obj:formatNum(sec2table[v]) .. i18n.datetime.hms[v] .. (i < 3 and " " or "")
				end
			end
			return duration
		end
	end
	if parameters.case then
		amount = case(parameters.case, amount, parameters.lang[1], feminineGender(parameters.id))
	elseif parameters.formatting ~= 'raw' then
		if parameters.numformat then
			amount = lang_obj:formatNum(tonumber(string.format(parameters.numformat, amount)))
		else
			amount = lang_obj:formatNum(tonumber(amount))
		end
	end
	if conv_amount then
		local conv_sortkey = string.format("%019d", conv_amount * 1000)
		conv_amount = lang_obj:formatNum(conv_amount)
		if parameters.convert == 'default2' then
			return conv_amount .. conv_suffix .. ' (' .. amount .. suffix .. ')', conv_sortkey
		else
			return conv_amount .. conv_suffix, conv_sortkey
		end
	elseif mw.ustring.find((parameters.formatting or ''), '$1', 1, true) then -- formatting with pattern
		amount = mw.ustring.gsub(parameters.formatting, '$1', {['$1'] = amount})
	end
	return amount .. suffix, sortkey
end

-- format data type time
local function printDatatypeTime(data, parameters)
	-- Dates and times are stored in ISO 8601 format
	local timestamp = data.time
	local post_format
	local calendar_add = ""
	local precision = data.precision or 11
	
	if string.sub(timestamp, 1, 1) == '-' then
		post_format = i18n.datetime["bc"]
	elseif string.sub(timestamp, 2, 3) == '00' then
		post_format = i18n.datetime["ad"]
	elseif precision > 8 then
		-- calendar model
		local calendar_model = {["Q12138"] = "gregorian", ["Q1985727"] = "gregorian", ["Q11184"] = "julian", ["Q1985786"] = "julian"}
		local calendar_id = mw.text.split(data.calendarmodel, 'entity/')[2]
		if (timestamp < "+1582-10-15T00:00:00Z" and calendar_model[calendar_id] == "gregorian")
			or (timestamp > "+1582-10-04T00:00:00Z" and calendar_model[calendar_id] == "julian")
			then
			calendar_add = " <sup>(" .. mw.message.new('Wikibase-time-calendar-' .. calendar_model[calendar_id]):inLanguage(parameters.lang[1]):plain() .. ")</sup>"
		end
	end
	
	local function formatTime(form, stamp)
		local pattern
		if type(form) == "function" then
			pattern = form(stamp)
		else
			pattern = form
		end
		stamp = tostring(stamp)
		if mw.ustring.find(pattern, "$1") then
			return mw.ustring.gsub(pattern, "$1", stamp)
		elseif string.sub(stamp, 1, 1) == '-' then -- formatDate() only supports years from 0
			stamp = '+' .. string.sub(stamp, 2)
		elseif string.sub(stamp, 1, 1) ~= '+' then -- not a valid timestamp, it is a number
			stamp = string.format("%04d", stamp)
		end
		local ret = mw.language.new(parameters.lang[1]):formatDate(pattern, stamp)
		ret = string.gsub(ret, "^(%[?%[?)0+", "%1") -- suppress leading zeros
		ret = string.gsub(ret, "( %[?%[?)0+", "%1")
		return ret
	end
	
	local function postFormat(t)
		if post_format and mw.ustring.find(post_format, "$1") then
			return mw.ustring.gsub(post_format, "$1", t)
		end
		return t
	end
	
	local intyear = tonumber(string.match(timestamp, "[+-](%d+)"))
	local ret = ""
	
	if precision <= 5 then -- precision is 10000 years or more
		local factor = 10 ^ ((5 - precision) + 4)
		local y2 = math.ceil(math.abs(intyear) / factor)
		local relative = formatTime(i18n.datetime[precision], y2)
		if post_format == i18n.datetime["bc"] then
			ret = mw.ustring.gsub(i18n.datetime.beforenow, "$1", relative)
		else
			ret = mw.ustring.gsub(i18n.datetime.afternow, "$1", relative)
		end
		local ret_number = string.match(ret, "%d+")
		if ret_number ~= nil then
			ret = mw.ustring.gsub(ret, ret_number, mw.language.new(parameters.lang[1]):formatNum(tonumber(ret_number)))
		end
	elseif precision == 6 or precision == 7 then -- millennia or centuries
		local card = math.floor((intyear - 1) / 10^(9 - precision)) + 1
		ret = formatTime(i18n.datetime[precision], card)
		ret = postFormat(ret)
	elseif precision == 8 then -- decades
		local card = math.floor(math.abs(intyear) / 10) * 10
		ret = formatTime(i18n.datetime[8], card)
		ret = postFormat(ret)
	elseif intyear > 9999 then -- not a valid timestamp
		return
	elseif precision == 9 or parameters.formatting == 'Y' then -- precision is year
		ret = formatTime(i18n.datetime[9], intyear)
		ret = postFormat(ret) .. calendar_add
	elseif precision == 10 then -- month
		ret = formatTime(i18n.datetime[10], timestamp .. " + 1 day") -- formatDate yyyy-mm-00 returns the previous month
		ret = postFormat(ret) .. calendar_add
	else -- precision 11, day
		ret = formatTime(parameters.formatting or i18n.datetime[11], timestamp)
		ret = postFormat(ret) .. calendar_add
	end
	return ret, timestamp
end

-- format data value wikibase-entityid with data types wikibase-item or wikibase-property
local function printDatatypeEntity(data, parameters)
	local entity_id = data['id']
	if parameters.formatting == 'raw' then
		return entity_id, entity_id
	end
	local entity_page = 'Special:EntityPage/' .. entity_id
	local label, lang = getLabelByLangs(entity_id, parameters.lang)
	local sitelink = mw.wikibase.getSitelink(entity_id)
	local parameter = parameters.formatting
	local labelcase = label or sitelink
	if parameters.gender == 'feminineform' then
		labelcase = feminineForm(entity_id, lang) or labelcase
	end
	if parameters.case ~= 'gender' then
		labelcase = case(parameters.case, labelcase, lang, parameters.lang[1], entity_id, parameters.id)
	end
	if labelcase == nil and i18n.qidlabels == false then
		return
	end
	local ret1, ret2
	if parameter == 'label' then
		ret1 = labelcase or entity_id
		ret2 = labelcase or entity_id
	elseif parameter == 'sitelink' then
		ret1 = (sitelink or 'd:' .. entity_page)
		ret2 = sitelink or entity_id
	elseif mw.ustring.find((parameter or ''), '$1', 1, true) then -- formatting = a pattern
		ret1 = mw.ustring.gsub(parameter, '$1', labelcase or entity_id)
		ret1 = expandBraces(ret1, parameter)
		ret2 = labelcase or entity_id
	else
		if parameter == "ucfirst" or parameter == "ucinternallink" then
			if labelcase and lang then
				labelcase = mw.language.new(lang):ucfirst(labelcase)
			end
			-- only first of a list, reset formatting for next ones
			if parameter == "ucinterlanllink" then
				parameters.formatting = 'internallink'
			else
				parameters.formatting = nil -- default format
			end
		end
		
		if sitelink then
			ret1 = '[[' .. sitelink .. '|' .. labelcase .. ']]'
			ret2 = labelcase
		elseif label and string.match(parameter or '', 'internallink$') and not mw.wikibase.getEntityIdForTitle(label) then
			ret1 = '[[' .. label .. '|' .. labelcase .. ']]'
			ret2 = labelcase
		else
			ret1 = '[[d:' .. entity_page .. '|<span style="color:#5f9cbb;">' .. (labelcase or entity_id) .. '</span>]]'
			ret2 = labelcase or entity_id
		end
	end
	
	return ret1 .. addLabelIcon(entity_id, lang, parameters.lang[1], parameters.labelicon), ret2
end

-- format data type wikibase-lexeme
local function printDatatypeLexeme(data, parameters)
	local entity_id = data['id']
	if parameters.formatting == 'raw' then
		return entity_id, entity_id
	end
	local lemmas = mw.wikibase.getEntity(entity_id):getLemmas()
	if parameters.list == 'lang' and lemmas[1][2] ~= parameters.lang[1] then
		return
	end
	local ret = '[[d:Special:EntityPage/' .. entity_id .. '|<span style="color:#5f9cbb;">' .. lemmas[1][1] .. '</span>]]'
	if parameters.list ~= 'lang' or (parameters.list == 'lang' and lemmas[1][2] ~= wiki.langcode) then
		ret = ret .. " <sup>(" .. lemmas[1][2] .. ")</sup>"
	end
	return ret, entity_id
end

-- format data type monolingualtext
local function printDatatypeMonolingual(data, parameters)
	-- data fields: language [string], text [string]
	
	if parameters.list == "lang" and data["language"] ~= parameters.lang[1] then
		return
	elseif parameters.list == "notlang" and data["language"] == parameters.lang[1] then
		return
	elseif parameters.formatting == "language" or parameters.formatting == "text" then
		return data[parameters.formatting]
	end
	local result = data["text"]
	if data["language"] ~= wiki.langcode then
		result = mw.ustring.gsub('<span lang="$1">$2</span>', '$[12]', {["$1"]=data["language"], ["$2"]=data["text"]})
	end
	if mw.ustring.find((parameters.formatting or ''), '$', 1, true) then
		-- output format defined with $text, $language
		result = mw.ustring.gsub(parameters.formatting, '$text', result)
		result = mw.ustring.gsub(result, '$language', data["language"])
	end
	return result
end

local function getSnakValue(snak, parameters)
	if snak.snaktype == 'value' then -- see Special:ListDatatypes
		-- data value string
		if snak.datatype == "string" then
			return printDatatypeString(snak.datavalue.value, parameters)
		elseif snak.datatype == "commonsMedia" or snak.datatype == "geo-shape" then
			return printDatatypeMedia(snak.datavalue.value, parameters)
		elseif snak.datatype == "tabular-data" then
			return printDatatypeTabular(snak.datavalue.value, parameters)
		elseif snak.datatype == "url" then
			return printDatatypeUrl(snak.datavalue.value, parameters)
		elseif snak.datatype == "external-id" then
			return printDatatypeExternal(snak.datavalue.value, parameters)
		elseif snak.datatype == 'math' then
			return printDatatypeMath(snak.datavalue.value)
		elseif snak.datatype == 'musical-notation' then
			return printDatatypeMusical(snak.datavalue.value, parameters.formatting)
		-- data types other than string value
		elseif snak.datatype == 'wikibase-item' or snak.datatype == 'wikibase-property' then
			if i18n.suppress[snak.datavalue.value.id] then
				return
			end
			return printDatatypeEntity(snak.datavalue.value, parameters)
		elseif snak.datatype == 'wikibase-lexeme' then
			return printDatatypeLexeme(snak.datavalue.value, parameters)
		elseif snak.datatype == 'monolingualtext' then
			return printDatatypeMonolingual(snak.datavalue.value, parameters)
		elseif snak.datatype == "globe-coordinate" then
			return printDatatypeCoordinate(snak.datavalue.value, parameters.formatting)
		elseif snak.datatype == "quantity" then
			return printDatatypeQuantity(snak.datavalue.value, parameters)
		elseif snak.datatype == "time" then
			return printDatatypeTime(snak.datavalue.value, parameters)
		end
	elseif snak.snaktype == 'novalue' then
		if parameters.formatting == 'raw' or parameters.shownovalue == false then return end
		return mw.message.new('Wikibase-snakview-snaktypeselector-novalue'):inLanguage(parameters.lang[1]):plain()
	elseif snak.snaktype == 'somevalue' then
		if parameters.formatting == 'raw' then return end
		return mw.message.new('Wikibase-snakview-snaktypeselector-somevalue'):inLanguage(parameters.lang[1]):plain()
	end
	return mw.wikibase.renderSnak(snak)
end

local function printError(key)
	return '<span class="error">' .. i18n.errors[key] .. '</span>'
end

local function getQualifierSnak(claim, qualifierId, parameters)
	-- a "snak" is Wikidata terminology for a typed key/value pair
	-- a claim consists of a main snak holding the main information of this claim,
	-- as well as a list of attribute snaks and a list of references snaks
	if qualifierId then
		-- search the attribute snak with the given qualifier as key
		if claim.qualifiers then
			local qualifier = claim.qualifiers[qualifierId]
			if qualifier then
				if qualifier[1].datatype == "monolingualtext" then
					-- iterate over monolingualtext qualifiers to get local language
					for idx in pairs(qualifier) do
						if getSnak(qualifier[idx], {"datavalue", "value", "language"}) == parameters.lang[1] then
							return qualifier[idx]
						end
					end
				elseif parameters.list then
					return qualifier
				else
					return qualifier[1]
				end
			end
		end
		return nil, printError("qualifier-not-found")
	else
		-- otherwise return the main snak
		return claim.mainsnak
	end
end

local function getValueOfClaim(claim, qualifierId, parameters)
	local snak, error = getQualifierSnak(claim, qualifierId, parameters)
	if not snak then
		return nil, nil, error
	elseif snak[1] then -- a multi qualifier
		local result, sortkey = {}, {}
		local maxvals = tonumber(parameters.listmax)
		for idx in pairs(snak) do
			result[#result + 1], sortkey[#sortkey + 1] = getSnakValue(snak[idx], parameters)
			if maxvals and maxvals == #result then break end
		end
		return mw.text.listToText(result, parameters.qseparator, parameters.qconjunction), sortkey[1]
	else -- a property or a qualifier
		return getSnakValue(snak, parameters)
	end
end

local function getValueOfParentClaim(claim, qualifierId, parameters)
	local qids = mw.text.split(qualifierId, '/', true)
	local value, sortkey, valueraw = {}, {}, {}
	local parent_raw, value_text
	if qids[1] == parameters.property then
		parent_raw, _, _ = getValueOfClaim(claim, nil, {["formatting"]="raw", ["lang"]=parameters.lang})
	else
		parent_raw, _, _ = getValueOfClaim(claim, qids[1], {["formatting"]="raw", ["lang"]=parameters.lang, ["list"]=true, ["qseparator"]='/', ["qconjunction"]='/'})
	end
	if string.sub(parent_raw or '', 1, 1) == "Q" then -- protection for 'no value'
		local parent_qids = mw.text.split(parent_raw, '/', true)
		for idx, p_qid in ipairs(parent_qids) do
			local parent_claims = mw.wikibase.getBestStatements(p_qid, qids[2])
			if parent_claims[1] then
				value[idx], sortkey[idx], _ = getValueOfClaim(parent_claims[1], nil, parameters)
				-- raw parent value needed for while/black lists, lang for avoiding an error on types other than entity
				valueraw[idx], _, _ = getValueOfClaim(parent_claims[1], nil, {["formatting"]="raw", ["lang"]=parameters.lang})
			end
		end
	end
	if value[1] then
		value_text = mw.text.listToText(value, parameters.qseparator, parameters.qconjunction)
	end
	return value_text, sortkey[1], valueraw[1]
end

-- see d:Help:Sources
local function getReferences(claim, parameters)
	if not (parameters.references or parameters.onlysourced) then
		return '', false
	end
	local lang = parameters.lang
	local maxrefs = tonumber(parameters.references) or 1
	local notproperref = {
		["P143"] = true, -- imported from
		["P3452"] = true, -- inferred from
		["P887"] = true, -- based on heuristic
		["P4656"] = true -- Wikimedia import URL
	}
	local result = {}
	-- traverse through all references
	for ref in pairs(claim.references or {}) do
		local refparts
		local refs = {}
		local validref = true
		local ref_id
		-- traverse through all parts of the current reference
		for snakkey, snakval in pairs(claim.references[ref].snaks or {}) do
			for partkey, _ in pairs(claim.references[ref].snaks[snakkey] or {}) do
				if notproperref[snakkey] then -- not a proper reference
					validref = false
					break
				end
			end
			if validref then
				for snakidx = 1, #snakval do
					if snakidx > 1 then refparts = refparts .. ", " end
					if snakval[snakidx].datatype == 'external-id' then
						refparts = refparts or '' .. (getSnakValue(snakval[snakidx], {formatting='externalid', property=snakval[snakidx].property, lang=lang}) or '')
					else
						refparts = refparts or '' .. (getSnakValue(snakval[snakidx], {lang=lang}) or '')
					end
				end
				refs[snakkey] = refparts
				refparts = nil
				if snakkey == "P248" then -- stated in
					ref_id = getSnak(snakval, {1, "datavalue", "value", "id"})
				end
			end
		end
		
		-- fill missing values with parent item
		if ref_id then
			local function refParent(qid, pid, formatting)
				local snak = getSnak(mw.wikibase.getBestStatements(qid, pid), {1, "mainsnak"})
				return snak and getSnakValue(snak, {formatting=formatting, lang=lang})
			end
			
			refs['P50'] = refs['P50'] or refParent(ref_id, 'P50', 'label') -- author
			refs['P407'] = refs['P407'] or refParent(ref_id, 'P407', 'label') -- language of work
			refs['P123'] = refs['P123'] or refParent(ref_id, 'P123', 'label') -- publisher
			refs['P577'] = refs['P577'] or refParent(ref_id, 'P577') -- date
			refs['P1433'] = refs['P1433'] or refParent(ref_id, 'P1433', 'label') -- published in
			refs['P304'] = refs['P304'] or refParent(ref_id, 'P304') -- page(s)
			refs['P433'] = refs['P433'] or refParent(ref_id, 'P433') -- issue
			refs['P236'] = refs['P236'] or refParent(ref_id, 'P236') -- ISSN
			refs['P356'] = refs['P356'] or refParent(ref_id, 'P356') -- DOI
		end
		
		-- get title of local templates for citing references
		local template_web = mw.wikibase.getSitelink('Q5637226') or ""
		template_web = mw.text.split(template_web, ":")[2] -- split off namespace from front
		local template_journal = mw.wikibase.getSitelink('Q5624899') or ""
		template_journal = mw.text.split(template_journal, ":")[2]
		
		local citeParams = {}
		if refs['P854'] and (refs['P1476'] or refs['P248']) and template_web then
			-- if both "reference URL" and "title" (or "stated in") are present, then use cite web template
			citeParams[i18n['cite']['url']] = refs['P854']
			if refs['P248'] and refs['P1476'] == nil then
				citeParams[i18n['cite']['title']] = refs['P248']:match("^%[%[.-|(.-)%]%]")
			else
				citeParams[i18n['cite']['title']] = refs['P1476']
				citeParams[i18n['cite']['website']] = refs['P248']
			end
			citeParams[i18n['cite']['author']] = refs['P50']
			citeParams[i18n['cite']['language']] = refs['P407']
			citeParams[i18n['cite']['publisher']] = refs['P123']
			citeParams[i18n['cite']['date']] = refs['P577']
			citeParams[i18n['cite']['pages']] = refs['P304']
			citeParams[i18n['cite']['access-date']] = refs['P813']
			citeParams[i18n['cite']['archive-url']] = refs['P1065']
			citeParams[i18n['cite']['archive-date']] = refs['P2960']
			citeParams[i18n['cite']['quote']] = refs['P1683']
			refparts = mw.getCurrentFrame():expandTemplate{title=template_web, args=citeParams}
		elseif refs['P1433'] and (refs['P1476'] or refs['P248']) and template_journal then
			-- if both "published in" and "title" (or "stated in") are present, then use cite journal template
			citeParams[i18n['cite']['work']] = refs['P1433']
			citeParams[i18n['cite']['title']] = refs['P1476'] or refs['P248']
			citeParams[i18n['cite']['author']] = refs['P50']
			citeParams[i18n['cite']['date']] = refs['P577']
			citeParams[i18n['cite']['issue']] = refs['P433']
			citeParams[i18n['cite']['pages']] = refs['P304']
			citeParams[i18n['cite']['language']] = refs['P407']
			citeParams[i18n['cite']['issn']] = refs['P236']
			citeParams[i18n['cite']['doi']] = refs['P356']
			refparts = mw.getCurrentFrame():expandTemplate{title=template_journal, args=citeParams}
		elseif validref then
			-- raw ouput
			local snaksorder = claim.references[ref]["snaks-order"]
			local function indexed(a)
				for _, b in ipairs(snaksorder) do
					if b == a then return true end
				end
				return false
			end
			for k, _ in pairs(refs or {}) do
				if not indexed(k) then
					table.insert(snaksorder, k)
				end
			end
			local italics = "''"
			for _, k in ipairs(snaksorder) do
				if refs[k] then
					refparts = refparts and refparts .. " " or ""
					refparts = refparts .. mw.ustring.gsub(getLabelByLangs(k, lang), "^%l", mw.ustring.upper) .. ": "
					refparts = refparts .. italics .. refs[k] .. italics .. "."
					italics = ""
				end
			end
		end
		
		if refparts then
			local ref_name = claim.references[ref].hash
			result[#result + 1] = mw.getCurrentFrame():extensionTag("ref", refparts, {name=ref_name})
			if maxrefs and maxrefs == #result then break end
		end
	end
	
	if #result > 0 then
		if parameters.references then
			if isSet(i18n.categoryref) then
				result[#result + 1] = "[[" ..i18n.categoryref .. "]]"
			end
			return table.concat(result), true
		else
			return '', true
		end
	end
	return '', false
end

-- Set whitelist or blacklist values
local function setWhiteOrBlackList(num_qual, args)
	local lists = {['whitelist']={}, ['blacklist']={}, ['ignorevalue']={}, ['selectvalue']={}}
	for i = 0, num_qual do
		for k, _ in pairs(lists) do
			if isSet(args[k .. i]) then
				lists[k][tostring(i)] = {}
				local pattern = 'Q%d+'
				if string.sub(args[k .. i], 1, 1) ~= 'Q' then
					pattern = '[^%p%s]+'
				end
				for q in string.gmatch(args[k .. i], pattern) do
					lists[k][tostring(i)][q] = true
				end
			end
		end
	end
	return lists['whitelist'], lists['blacklist'], lists['ignorevalue'], lists['selectvalue']
end

local function tableParameters(args, parameters, column)
	local column_params = mw.clone(parameters)
	column_params.formatting = args["colformat"..column]; if column_params.formatting == "" then column_params.formatting = nil end
	column_params.convert = args["convert" .. column]
	if args["case" .. column] then
		column_params.case = args["case" .. column]
	end
	return column_params
end

local function getEntityId(args, pargs, unnamed)
	pargs = pargs or {}
	local id = args.item or args.from or (unnamed and mw.text.trim(args[1] or '') or nil)
	if not isSet(id) then
		id = pargs.item or pargs.from or (unnamed and mw.text.trim(pargs[1] or '') or nil)
	end
	if isSet(id) then
		if string.find(id, ":") then -- remove prefix as Property:Pid
			id = mw.text.split(id, ":")[2]
		end
	else
		id = mw.wikibase.getEntityIdForCurrentPage()
	end
	return id
end

local function getArg(value, default, aliases)
	if type(value) == 'boolean' then return value
	elseif value == "false" or value == "no" then return false
	elseif value == "true" or value == "yes" then return true
	elseif value and aliases and aliases[value] then return aliases[value]
	elseif isSet(value) then return value
	elseif default then return default
	else return nil
	end
end

-- Main function claim ---------------------------------------------
-- on debug console use: =p.claim{item="Q...", property="P...", ...}
function p.claim(frame)
	local args = frame.args or frame -- via invoke or require
	local pargs = frame.args and frame:getParent().args or {}
	local is_sandbox = isSet(pargs.sandbox)
	if not required and is_sandbox then
		return require(wiki.module_title .. "/" .. mw.message.new('Sandboxlink-subpage-name'):inLanguage(wiki.langcode):plain()).claim(frame)
	end
	--If a value is already set, use it
	if isSet(args.value) then
		if args.value == 'NONE' then
			return
		else
			return args.value
		end
	end
	
	-- arguments
	local parameters = {}
	parameters.id = getEntityId(args, pargs)
	if parameters.id == nil then return end
	parameters.property = string.upper(args.property or "")
	local qualifierId = {}
	qualifierId[1] = getArg(string.upper(args.qualifier or args.qualifier1 or ""))
	local i = 2
	while isSet(args["qualifier" .. i]) do
		qualifierId[i] = string.upper(args["qualifier" .. i])
		i = i + 1
	end
	parameters.formatting = getArg(args.formatting)
	parameters.convert = getArg(args.convert)
	parameters.numformat = getArg(args.numformat)
	parameters.case = args.case
	parameters.list = getArg(args.list, true, {firstrank='bestrank'})
	parameters.listmax = args.listmax
	parameters.listrank = getArg(args.listrank)
	if type(parameters.list) == "number" then -- backwards compatibility
		parameters.listmax = parameters.listmax or parameters.list
		parameters.list = true
	elseif parameters.list == "bestrank" then
		parameters.listrank = parameters.listrank or "bestrank"
		parameters.list = true
	end
	parameters.shownovalue = getArg(args.shownovalue, true)
	parameters.separator = getArg(args.separator)
	parameters.conjunction = getArg(args.conjunction, parameters.separator)
	parameters.qseparator = getArg(args.qseparator, parameters.separator)
	parameters.qconjunction = getArg(args.qconjunction, parameters.conjunction)
	local sorting_col = args.tablesort
	local sorting_up = (args.sorting or "") ~= "-1"
	local rowformat = args.rowformat
	parameters.references = getArg(args.references, false)
	parameters.onlysourced = getArg(args.onlysourced, false)
	local showerrors = args.showerrors
	local default = args.default
	if default then showerrors = nil end
	parameters.lang = findLang(args.lang)
	if parameters.formatting == "raw" then
		parameters.editicon, parameters.labelicon = false, false
	else
		parameters.editicon, parameters.labelicon = setIcons(args.editicon, pargs.editicon) -- needs loadI18n by findLand
	end
	
	-- fetch property
	local claims = {}
	local bestrank = parameters.listrank == 'bestrank' and parameters.list ~= 'lang'
	for p in string.gmatch(parameters.property, 'P%d+') do
		claims = getStatements(parameters.id, p, bestrank)
		if #claims > 0 then
			parameters.property = p
			break
		end
	end
	if #claims == 0 then
		local ret = showerrors and printError("property-not-found") or default
		return ret, args.query == 'num' and 0 or ''
	end
	
	-- defaults for table
	local preformat, postformat = "", ""
	local whitelisted = false
	local whitelist, blacklist, ignorevalue, selectvalue = {}, {}, {}, {}
	if parameters.formatting == "table" then
		parameters.separator = parameters.separator or "<br />"
		parameters.conjunction = parameters.conjunction or "<br />"
		parameters.qseparator = getArg(args.qseparator, mw.message.new('Comma-separator'):inLanguage(parameters.lang[1]):plain())
		parameters.qconjunction = getArg(args.qconjunction, parameters.qseparator)
		if not rowformat then
			rowformat = "$0 ($1"
			i = 2
			while qualifierId[i] do
				rowformat = rowformat .. ", $" .. i
				i = i + 1
			end
			rowformat = rowformat .. ")"
		elseif mw.ustring.find(rowformat, "^[*#]") then
			parameters.separator = "</li><li>"
			parameters.conjunction = "</li><li>"
			if mw.ustring.match(rowformat, "^[*#]") == "*" then
				preformat = "<ul><li>"
				postformat = "</li></ul>"
			else
				preformat = "<ol><li>"
				postformat = "</li></ol>"
			end
			rowformat = mw.ustring.gsub(rowformat, "^[*#] ?", "")
		end
		
		-- set whitelist and blacklist values
		whitelist, blacklist, ignorevalue, selectvalue = setWhiteOrBlackList(#qualifierId, args)
		local next = next
		if next(whitelist) ~= nil then whitelisted = true end
	end
	
	-- set feminine case if gender is requested
	local itemgender = args.itemgender
	local idgender
	if itemgender then
		if string.match(itemgender, "^P%d+$") then
			local snak_id = getSnak(mw.wikibase.getBestStatements(parameters.id, itemgender), {1, "mainsnak", "datavalue", "value", "id"})
			if snak_id then
				idgender = snak_id
			end
		elseif string.match(itemgender, "^Q%d+$") then
			idgender = itemgender
		end
	end
	local gender_requested = false
	if parameters.case == "gender" or idgender then
		gender_requested = true
	elseif parameters.formatting == "table" then
		for i=0, #qualifierId do
			if args["case" .. i] and args["case" .. i] == "gender" then
				gender_requested = true
				break
			end
		end
	end
	if gender_requested then
		if feminineGender(idgender or parameters.id) then
			parameters.gender = "feminineform"
		end
	end
	
	-- get initial sort indices
	local sortindices = {}
	for idx in pairs(claims) do
		sortindices[#sortindices + 1] = idx
	end
	-- sort by claim rank
	local comparator = function(a, b)
		local rankmap = { deprecated = 2, normal = 1, preferred = 0 }
		local ranka = rankmap[claims[a].rank or "normal"] .. string.format("%08d", a)
		local rankb = rankmap[claims[b].rank or "normal"] .. string.format("%08d", b)
		return ranka < rankb
	end
	table.sort(sortindices, comparator)
	
	local result, result2, result_query
	local error
	if parameters.list or parameters.formatting == "table" then
		-- convert LF to line feed, <br /> may not work on some cases
		parameters.separator = parameters.separator == "LF" and "\010" or parameters.separator
		parameters.conjunction = parameters.conjunction == "LF" and "\010" or parameters.conjunction
		-- i18n separators
		parameters.separator = parameters.separator or mw.message.new('Comma-separator'):inLanguage(parameters.lang[1]):plain()
		parameters.conjunction = parameters.conjunction or (mw.message.new('And'):inLanguage(parameters.lang[1]):plain() .. mw.message.new('Word-separator'):inLanguage(parameters.lang[1]):plain())
		-- iterate over all elements and return their value (if existing)
		local value, valueq
		local sortkey, sortkeyq
		local values = {}
		local sortkeys = {}
		local refs = {}
		local rowlist = {} -- rows to list with whitelist or blacklist
		for idx in pairs(claims) do
			local claim = claims[sortindices[idx]]
			local reference = {}
			if not whitelisted then rowlist[idx] = true end
			if parameters.formatting == "table" then
				local params = tableParameters(args, parameters, "0")
				value, sortkey, error = getValueOfClaim(claim, nil, params)
				if value then
					values[#values + 1] = {}
					sortkeys[#sortkeys + 1] = {}
					refs[#refs + 1] = {}
					if whitelist["0"] or blacklist["0"] then
						local valueraw, _, _ = getValueOfClaim(claim, nil, {["formatting"]="raw", ["lang"]=params.lang})
						if whitelist["0"] and whitelist["0"][valueraw or ""] then
							rowlist[#values] = true
						elseif blacklist["0"] and blacklist["0"][valueraw or ""] then
							rowlist[#values] = false
						end
					end
					for i, qual in ipairs(qualifierId) do
						local j = tostring(i)
						params = tableParameters(args, parameters, j)
						local valueq, sortkeyq, valueraw
						if qual == parameters.property then -- hack for getting the property with another formatting, i.e. colformat1=raw
							valueq, sortkeyq, _ = getValueOfClaim(claim, nil, params)
						else
							for q in mw.text.gsplit(qual, '%s*OR%s*') do
								if string.find(q, ".+/.+") then
									valueq, sortkeyq, valueraw = getValueOfParentClaim(claim, q, params)
								elseif string.find(q, "^/.+") then
									local claim2 = getStatements(parameters.id, string.sub(q, 2), bestrank)
									if #claim2 > 0 then
										-- only first value of a property as alternative to a qualifier
										-- multiple values may not be related to a given raw of the table
										valueq, sortkeyq, _ = getValueOfClaim(claim2[1], nil, params)
									end
								else
									valueq, sortkeyq, _ = getValueOfClaim(claim, q, params)
								end
								if valueq then
									qual = q
									break
								end
							end
						end
						values[#values]["col" .. j] = valueq
						sortkeys[#sortkeys]["col" .. j] = sortkeyq or valueq
						if whitelist[j] or blacklist[j] or ignorevalue[j] or selectvalue[j] then
							valueq = valueraw or getValueOfClaim(claim, qual, {["formatting"]="raw", ["lang"]=params.lang})
							if whitelist[j] and whitelist[j][valueq or ""] then
								rowlist[#values] = true
							elseif blacklist[j] and blacklist[j][valueq or ""] then
								rowlist[#values] = false
							elseif ignorevalue[j] and ignorevalue[j][valueq or ""] then
								values[#values]["col" .. j] = nil
							elseif selectvalue[j] and not selectvalue[j][valueq or ""] then
								values[#values]["col" .. j] = nil
							end
						end
					end
				end
			else
				value, sortkey, error = getValueOfClaim(claim, qualifierId[1], parameters)
				values[#values + 1] = {}
				sortkeys[#sortkeys + 1] = {}
				refs[#refs + 1] = {}
			end
			if not value and showerrors then value = error end
			if value then
				if (parameters.references or parameters.onlysourced) and claim.references then
					reference = claim.references
				end
				refs[#refs]["col0"] = reference
				values[#values]["col0"] = value
				sortkeys[#sortkeys]["col0"] = sortkey or value
			end
		end
		-- sort and format results
		sortindices = {}
		for idx in pairs(values) do
			sortindices[#sortindices + 1] = idx
		end
		if sorting_col then
			local sorting_table = mw.text.split(sorting_col, '%D+')
			local comparator = function(a, b)
				local valuea, valueb
				local i = 1
				while valuea == valueb and i <= #sorting_table do
					valuea = sortkeys[a]["col" .. sorting_table[i]] or ''
					valueb = sortkeys[b]["col" .. sorting_table[i]] or ''
					i = i + 1
				end
				
				if sorting_up then
					return valueb > valuea
				end
				return valueb < valuea
			end
			table.sort(sortindices, comparator)
		end
		local maxvals = tonumber(parameters.listmax)
		result = {}
		for idx in pairs(values) do
			local valuerow = values[sortindices[idx]]
			local reference, valid_ref = getReferences({["references"] = refs[sortindices[idx]]["col0"]}, parameters)
			
			value = valuerow["col0"]
			if parameters.formatting == "table" then
				if not rowlist[sortindices[idx]] then
					value = nil
				else
					local rowformatting = rowformat .. "$" -- fake end character added for easy gsub
					value = mw.ustring.gsub(rowformatting, "$0", {["$0"] = value})
					value = mw.ustring.gsub(value, "$R0", reference) -- add reference
					for i, _ in ipairs(qualifierId) do
						local valueq = valuerow["col" .. i]
						if args["rowsubformat" .. i] and isSet(valueq) then
							-- add fake end character $
							-- gsub $i not followed by a number so $1 doesn't match $10, $11...
							-- remove fake end character
							valueq = captureEscapes(valueq)
							valueq = mw.ustring.gsub(args["rowsubformat" .. i] .. "$", "$" .. i .. "(%D)", valueq .. "%1")
							valueq = string.sub(valueq, 1, -2)
							rowformatting = mw.ustring.gsub(rowformatting, "$" .. i .. "(%D)", args["rowsubformat" .. i] .. "%1")
						end
						valueq = valueq and captureEscapes(valueq) or ''
						value = mw.ustring.gsub(value, "$" .. i .. "(%D)", valueq .. "%1")
					end
					value = string.sub(value, 1, -2) -- remove fake end character
					value = expandBraces(value, rowformatting)
				end
			elseif value then
				value = expandBraces(value, parameters.formatting)
				value = value .. reference
			end
			if isSet(value) and (not parameters.onlysourced or (parameters.onlysourced and valid_ref)) then
				result[#result + 1] = value
				if not parameters.list or (maxvals and maxvals == #result) then
					break
				end
			end
		end
		
		if args.query == 'num' then
			result_query = #result
		end
		if #result > 0 then
			if parameters.formatting == 'table' then
				result = addEditIconTable(result, parameters) -- in a table, add edit icon on last element
			end
			result = preformat .. mw.text.listToText(result, parameters.separator, parameters.conjunction) .. postformat
		else
			result = ''
		end
	else
		-- return first element
		local claim = claims[sortindices[1]]
		result, result2, error = getValueOfClaim(claim, qualifierId[1], parameters)
		if result then
			local ref, valid_ref = getReferences(claim, parameters)
			if parameters.onlysourced and valid_ref == false then
				result = nil
			else
				result = result .. ref
			end
		end
		if args.query == 'num' then result_query = result and 1 or 0 end
	end
	
	if isSet(result) then
		if not (parameters.formatting == 'table' or (result2 and result2 == 'no-icon')) then
			-- add edit icon, except table added previously and except explicit no-icon internal flag
			result = result .. addEditIcon(parameters)
		end
	else
		if showerrors then result = error else result = default end
	end
	if args.query == 'untranslated' and required and not is_sandbox then
		result_query = untranslated
	end
	return result, result_query or ''
end

-- Local functions for getParentValues -----------------------

local function uc_first(word)
	if word == nil then return end
	return mw.ustring.upper(mw.ustring.sub(word, 1, 1)) .. mw.ustring.sub(word, 2)
end

local function getPropertyValue(id, property, parameter, langs, labelicon, case)
	local snaks = mw.wikibase.getBestStatements(id, property)
	local mysnak = getSnak(snaks, {1, "mainsnak"})
	if mysnak == nil then
		return
	end
	
	local entity_id
	local result = '-' -- default for 'no value'
	if mysnak.datavalue then
		entity_id = "Q" .. tostring(mysnak.datavalue.value['numeric-id'])
		result, _ = getSnakValue(mysnak, {formatting=parameter, lang=langs, labelicon=labelicon, case=case})
	end
	
	return entity_id, result
end

local function getParentObjects(id,
	prop_format,
	label_format,
	languages, 
	propertySupString, 
	propertyLabel,
	propertyLink,
	label_show,
	labelicon0,
	labelicon1,
	upto_number,
	upto_label,
	upto_value,
	last_only,
	grammatical_case,
	include_self)
	
	local propertySups = mw.text.split(propertySupString, '[^P%d]')
	
	local maxloop = 10
	if upto_number then
		maxloop = tonumber(upto_number)
	elseif next(upto_label) or next(upto_value) then
		maxloop = 50
	end
	
	local labels_filter = next(label_show)
	
	local result = {}
	local id_value = id
	for iter = 1, maxloop do
		local link, label, labelwicon, linktext, id_label
		for _, propertySup in pairs(propertySups) do 	
			local _id_value, _link = getPropertyValue(id_value, propertySup, prop_format, languages, labelicon1, grammatical_case)
			if _id_value and _link then id_value = _id_value; link = _link break end
		end
		
		if not id_value or not link then break end
		
		if propertyLink then
			_, linktext = getPropertyValue(id_value, propertyLink, "label", languages)
			if linktext then
				link = mw.ustring.gsub(link, "%[%[(.*)%|.+%]%]", "[[%1|" .. linktext .. "]]")
			end
		end
		
		id_label, label = getPropertyValue(id_value, propertyLabel, label_format, languages, false, "infoboxlabel")
		if labelicon0 then
			_, labelwicon = getPropertyValue(id_value, propertyLabel, label_format, languages, labelicon0, "infoboxlabel")
		else
			labelwicon = label
		end
		
		if labels_filter == nil or (label_show[id_label] or label_show[label]) then
			result[#result + 1] = {labelwicon, link}
			label_show[id_label or 'none'], label_show[label or 'none'] = nil, nil -- only first label found
		end
		
		if upto_label[id_label] or upto_label[label] or upto_value[id_value] then
			break
		end
	end
	
	if last_only then
		result = {result[#result]}
	end
	
	if include_self then
		local label_self, link_self
		_, label_self = getPropertyValue(id, propertyLabel, label_format, languages, labelicon0, "infoboxlabel")
		link_self, _ = getLabelByLangs(id, languages)
		table.insert(result, 1, {label_self, link_self})
	end
	
	return result
end

local function parentObjectsToString(result,
	rowformat,
	cascade,
	sorting)
	
	local ret = {}
	local first = 1
	local last = #result
	local iter = 1
	if sorting == "-1" then first = #result; last = 1; iter = -1 end
	for i = first, last, iter do
		local rowtext = mw.ustring.gsub(rowformat, "$[01]", {["$0"] = result[i][1], ["$1"] = result[i][2]})
		ret[#ret + 1] = expandBraces(rowtext, rowformat)
	end
	
	if cascade then
		local direction = mw.language.new(wiki.langcode):isRTL() and "right" or "left"
		local suffix = ""
		for i = 1, #ret do
			ret[i] = '<ul style="line-height:100%; margin-' .. direction .. ':0.45em; padding-' .. direction .. ':0;"><li>' .. ret[i]
			suffix = suffix .. '</li></ul>'
		end
		ret[#ret] = ret[#ret] .. suffix
	end
	
	return ret
end

-- Returns pairs of parent label and property value fetching a recursive tree
function p.getParentValues(frame)
	local args = frame.args or frame -- via invoke or require
	local pargs = frame.args and frame:getParent().args or {}
	if not required and isSet(pargs.sandbox) then
		return require(wiki.module_title .. "/" .. mw.message.new('Sandboxlink-subpage-name'):inLanguage(wiki.langcode):plain()).getParentValues(frame)
	end
	local id = getEntityId(args, pargs)
	if id == nil then return end
	local languages = findLang(args.lang)
	local propertySup = getArg(args.property, "P131") --administrative entity
	local propertyLabel = getArg(args.label, "P31") --instance
	local propertyLink = getArg(args.valuetext)
	local property_format = getArg(args.formatting)
	local label_format = getArg(args.labelformat, "label")
	local upto_number = getArg(args.upto)
	local last_only = getArg(args.last_only, false)
	local editicon, labelicon = setIcons(args.editicon, pargs.editicon)
	local include_self = getArg(args.include_self, false)
	local case = getArg(args.case)
	
	local upto_label = {}
	for q in string.gmatch(args.uptolabelid or '', 'Q%d+') do
		upto_label[q] = true
	end
	if type(upto_number) == 'string' then
		upto_label[uc_first(upto_number)] = true
		upto_number = nil
		require(wiki.module_title .. '/debug').track('upto') -- replace upto by uptolabelid
	end
	
	local upto_value = {}
	for q in string.gmatch(args.uptovalueid or args.uptolinkid or '', 'Q%d+') do
		upto_value[q] = true
	end
	
	local label_show = {}
	for q in string.gmatch(args.showlabelid or '', 'Q%d+') do
		label_show[q] = true
	end
	for _, v in ipairs(mw.text.split(args.labelshow or '', "/")) do
		if v ~= '' then
			label_show[uc_first(v)] = true
			require(wiki.module_title .. '/debug').track('labelshow') -- replace labelshow by showlabelid
		end
	end
	
	local rowformat = args.rowformat; if not isSet(rowformat) then rowformat = "$0 = $1" end
	local labelicon0, labelicon1 = labelicon, labelicon
	if string.find(label_format, '{{.*$0.*}}') or (string.find(rowformat, '{{.*$0.*}}') and label_format ~= 'raw') then
		labelicon0 = false
	end
	
	local result = getParentObjects(id,
		property_format,
		label_format,
		languages, 
		propertySup, 
		propertyLabel,
		propertyLink,
		label_show,
		labelicon0,
		labelicon1,
		upto_number,
		upto_label,
		upto_value,
		last_only,
		case,
		include_self)
	if #result == 0 then return end
	
	local separator = args.separator; if not isSet(separator) then separator = "<br />" end
	local sorting = args.sorting; if sorting == "" then sorting = nil end
	local cascade = (args.cascade == "true" or args.cascade == "yes")
	
	local ret = parentObjectsToString(result,
		rowformat,
		cascade,
		sorting)
	ret = addEditIconTable(ret, {property=propertySup, editicon=editicon, id=id, lang=languages})
	return mw.text.listToText(ret, separator, separator)
end

-- Link with a parent label --------------------
function p.linkWithParentLabel(frame)
	local pargs = frame.args and frame:getParent().args or {}
	if not required and isSet(pargs.sandbox) then
		return require(wiki.module_title .. "/" .. mw.message.new('Sandboxlink-subpage-name'):inLanguage(wiki.langcode):plain()).linkWithParentLabel(frame)
	end
	local args = {}
	if frame.args then
		for k, v in pairs(frame.args) do -- metatable
			args[k] = v
		end
	else
		args = frame -- via require
	end
	if isSet(args.value) then
		return args.value
	end
	
	-- get id value of property/qualifier
	local largs = mw.clone(args)
	largs.list = tonumber(args.list) and args.list or true
	largs.formatting = "raw"
	largs.separator = "/·/"
	largs.editicon = false
	local items_list, _ = p.claim(largs)
	if not isSet(items_list) then return end
	local items_table = mw.text.split(items_list, "/·/", true)
	
	-- get internal link of property/qualifier
	largs.formatting = "internallink"
	local link_list, _ = p.claim(largs)
	local link_table = mw.text.split(link_list, "/·/", true)
	
	-- get label of parent property
	local parent_claim = getSnak(getStatements(items_table[1], args.parent, true), {1, "mainsnak", "datatype"})
	if parent_claim == 'monolingualtext' then
		largs.formatting = nil
		largs.list = 'lang'
	else
		largs.formatting = "label"
		largs.list = false
	end
	largs.property = args.parent
	largs.qualifier = nil
	for i, v in ipairs(items_table) do
		largs.item = v
		local link_label, _ = p.claim(largs)
		if isSet(link_label) then
			link_table[i] = mw.ustring.gsub(link_table[i] or '', "%[%[(.*)%|.+%]%]", "[[%1|" .. link_label .. "]]")
		end
	end
	args.editicon, _ = setIcons(args.editicon, pargs.editicon)
	args.id = getEntityId(args, pargs)
	args.lang = findLang(args.lang)
	return mw.text.listToText(link_table) .. addEditIcon(args)
end

-- Calculate number of years old ----------------------------
function p.yearsOld(frame)
	if not required and frame.args and isSet(frame:getParent().args.sandbox) then
		return require(wiki.module_title .. "/" .. mw.message.new('Sandboxlink-subpage-name'):inLanguage(wiki.langcode):plain()).yearsOld(frame)
	end
	local args = frame.args or frame -- via invoke or require
	local pargs = frame.args and frame:getParent().args or {}
	local id = getEntityId(args, pargs)
	if id == nil then return end
	local lang = mw.language.new('en')
	
	local function getBestValue(id, prop)
		return getSnak(mw.wikibase.getBestStatements(id, prop), {1, "mainsnak", "datavalue", "value"})
	end
	
	local birth = getBestValue(id, 'P569')
	if type(birth) ~= 'table' or birth.time == nil or birth.precision == nil or birth.precision < 8 then
		return
	end
	local death = getBestValue(id, 'P570')
	if type(death) ~= 'table' or death.time == nil or death.precision == nil then
		death = {['time'] = lang:formatDate('c'), ['precision'] = 11} -- current date
	elseif death.precision < 8 then
		return
	end
	
	local dates = {}
	dates[1] = {['min'] = {}, ['max'] = {}, ['precision'] = birth.precision}
	dates[1].min.year = tonumber(mw.ustring.match(birth.time, "^[+-]?%d+"))
	dates[1].min.month = tonumber(mw.ustring.match(birth.time, "\-(%d%d)\-"))
	dates[1].min.day = tonumber(mw.ustring.match(birth.time, "\-(%d%d)T"))
	dates[1].max = mw.clone(dates[1].min)
	dates[2] = {['min'] = {}, ['max'] = {}, ['precision'] = death.precision}
	dates[2].min.year = tonumber(mw.ustring.match(death.time, "^[+-]?%d+"))
	dates[2].min.month = tonumber(mw.ustring.match(death.time, "\-(%d%d)\-"))
	dates[2].min.day = tonumber(mw.ustring.match(death.time, "\-(%d%d)T"))
	dates[2].max = mw.clone(dates[2].min)
	
	for i, d in ipairs(dates) do
		if d.precision == 10 then -- month
			d.min.day = 1
			local timestamp = string.format("%04d", tostring(math.abs(d.max.year)))
				.. string.format("%02d", tostring(d.max.month))
				.. "01"
			d.max.day = tonumber(lang:formatDate("j", timestamp .. " + 1 month - 1 day"))
		elseif d.precision < 10 then -- year or decade
			d.min.day = 1
			d.min.month = 1
			d.max.day = 31
			d.max.month = 12
			if d.precision == 8 then -- decade
				d.max.year = d.max.year + 9
			end
		end
	end
	
	local function age(d1, d2)
		local years = d2.year - d1.year
		if d2.month < d1.month or (d2.month == d1.month and d2.day < d1.day) then
			years = years - 1
		end
		if d2.year > 0 and d1.year < 0 then
			years = years - 1 -- no year 0
		end
		return years
	end
	
	local old_min = age(dates[1].max, dates[2].min)
	local old_max = age(dates[1].min, dates[2].max)
	local old, old_expr
	if old_min == 0 and old_max == 0 then
		old = "< 1"
		old_max = 1 -- expression in singular
	elseif old_min == old_max then
		old = old_min
	else
		old = old_min .. "/" .. old_max
	end
	if args.formatting == 'unit' then
		local langs = findLang(args.lang)
		local yo
		local yo_pl = {}
		if langs[1] == wiki.langcode then
			yo_pl = i18n["years-old"]
		end
		if not isSet(yo_pl[2]) then
			local yo_label, _ = getLabelByLangs('Q24564698', langs)
			yo_pl = {yo_label, yo_label}
		end
		yo = mw.language.new(langs[1]):plural(old_max, yo_pl)
		if mw.ustring.find(yo, '$1', 1, true) then
			old_expr = mw.ustring.gsub(yo, "$1", old)
		else
			old_expr = old .. '&nbsp;' .. yo
		end
	elseif args.formatting then
		old_expr = expandBraces(mw.ustring.gsub(args.formatting, '$1', old), args.formatting)
	else
		old_expr = old
	end
	
	return old_expr
end

-- Gets a label in a given language (content language by default) or its fallbacks, optionnally linked.
function p.getLabel(frame)
	local args = frame.args or frame -- via invoke or require
	local pargs = frame.args and frame:getParent().args or {}
	if not required and isSet(pargs.sandbox) then
		return require(wiki.module_title .. "/" .. mw.message.new('Sandboxlink-subpage-name'):inLanguage(wiki.langcode):plain()).getLabel(frame)
	end
	local id = getEntityId(args, pargs, 1)
	if id == nil then return end
	local languages = findLang(args.lang)
	local labelicon = false
	if mw.wikibase.isValidEntityId(id) then
		_, labelicon = setIcons(args.editicon, pargs.editicon)
	end
	
	local label_icon = ''
	local label, lang
	if args.label then
		label = args.label
	else
		-- exceptions or labels fixed
		local exist, labels = pcall(require, wiki.module_title .. "/labels" .. (languages[1] == wiki.langcode and '' or '/' .. languages[1]))
		if exist and labels.infoboxLabelsFromId and next(labels.infoboxLabelsFromId) ~= nil then
			label = labels.infoboxLabelsFromId[id]
		end
		
		if label == nil then
			label, lang = getLabelByLangs(id, languages)
			if label then
				if isSet(args.itemgender) and feminineGender(args.itemgender) then
					label = feminineForm(id, lang) or label
				end
				label = mw.language.new(lang):ucfirst(mw.text.nowiki(label)) -- sanitize
				if args.case then
					label = case(args.case, label, lang)
				end
			end
			label_icon = addLabelIcon(id, lang, languages[1], labelicon)
		end
	end
	
	local linked = args.linked
	local ret2 = required and untranslated or ''
	if isSet(linked) and linked ~= "no" then
		local article = mw.wikibase.getSitelink(id) or ("d:Special:EntityPage/" .. id)
		return "[[" .. article .. "|" .. (label or id) .. "]]" .. label_icon, ret2
	else
		return (label or id) .. label_icon, ret2
	end
end

-- Utilities -----------------------------
-- See also module ../debug.

-- Copied from Module:Wikibase
function p.getSiteLink(frame)
	local args = frame.args or frame -- via invoke or require
	local pargs = frame.args and frame:getParent().args or {}
	local id = getEntityId(args, pargs, 1)
	if id == nil then return end
	return mw.wikibase.getSitelink(id, mw.text.trim(args[2] or ''))
end

-- Helper function for the default language code used
function p.lang(frame)
	local lang = frame and frame.args[1] -- nil via require
	return findLang(lang)[1]
end

-- Number of statements
function p.numStatements(frame)
	local args = frame.args or frame -- via invoke or require
	local pargs = frame.args and frame:getParent().args or {}
	local id = getEntityId(args, pargs)
	if id == nil then return 0 end
	local prop = mw.text.trim(args[1] or '')
	local num = {}
	if not isSet(prop) then
		local largs = {}
		for k, v in pairs(pargs) do
			largs[k] = v
		end
		for k, v in pairs(args) do
			largs[k] = v
		end
		largs.query = 'num'
		_, num = p.claim(largs)
		return num
	elseif args[2] then -- qualifier
		local qual = mw.text.trim(args[2])
		local values = p.claim{item=id, property=prop, qualifier=qual, formatting='raw', separator='/·/'}
		if values then
			num = mw.text.split(values, '/·/')
		end
	else
		num = mw.wikibase.getBestStatements(id, prop)
	end
	return #num
end

-- Returns true if property datavalue is found excluding novalue/somevalue
function p.validProperty(frame)
	local args = frame.args or frame -- via invoke or require
	local pargs = frame.args and frame:getParent().args or {}
	local item = getEntityId(args, pargs)
	if item == nil then return end
	local property = mw.text.trim(args[1])
	local prop_data = getSnak(mw.wikibase.getBestStatements(item, property), {1, "mainsnak", "datavalue"})
	return prop_data and true or nil
end

function p.editAtWikidata(frame)
	local args = frame.args or frame -- via invoke or require
	local pargs = frame.args and frame:getParent().args or {}
	local value = isSet(args[1])
	if value then return end
	local param = {}
	param.id = getEntityId(args, pargs)
	param.property = args.property
	param.lang = findLang(args.lang)
	param.editicon, _ = setIcons(args.editicon)
	return addEditIcon(param)
end

function p.formatNum(frame)
	local num = tonumber(mw.text.trim(frame.args[1]))
	local lang = findLang(mw.text.trim(frame.args[2]))
	return mw.language.new(lang[1]):formatNum(num)
end

return p
مجلوبة من «https://arabica.cc/index.php?title=وحدة:Wikidata.Ca&oldid=348»