هذه هي النسخة الحالية من هذه الصفحة، وقام بتعديلها عبد العزيز(نقاش | مساهمات) في 16:44، 22 سبتمبر 2023(استبدال وسائط مستغى عنها في الاستشهاد). العنوان الحالي (URL) هو وصلة دائمة لهذه النسخة.
نسخة 16:44، 22 سبتمبر 2023 من عبد العزيز(نقاش | مساهمات)(استبدال وسائط مستغى عنها في الاستشهاد)
(فرق) → نسخة أقدم | نسخة حالية (فرق) | نسخة أحدث ← (فرق)
^Viscount James Bryce Bryce (1904). Hans Ferdinand Helmolt (المحرر). The World's History: Oceania, Eastern Asia and the Indian Ocean. LONDON: William Heinemann. ج. Volume 2 of The World's History: A Survey of Man's Record. ص. 60. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-12-15. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2011-12-20. extended as far as the Han River, and the Man lived on the central and upper Yangtsze, chiefly on the right bank. But the number of the tribes that had not then been subdued must have been much greater; even at the present day, more than two thousand six hundred years later, tribes of original inhabitants in complete or partial independence are constantly found in the southern and western provinces of the empire. That such tribes as the Li (Limin or Limu, probably descendants of the Miaotsze to whom Kublai Khan [Shi Tsu] is said to have assigned a part of Formosa in 1292) should have held their ground in the interior of Formosa and Hainan is the less remarkable, in view of the fact that even at the present day whole tribes of original inhabitants have been able to maintain their independence in the provinces on the mainland, where the Chinese supremacy has endured for hundreds or thousands of years. The Miaotsze are divided into sung (savage) and shuh (domesticated) according to the amount of Chinese civilization which they have acquired, and live to the number of fully eighty different tribes in Kwangtung, Kwangsi, Hunan, Yunnan, and Kweichau. They are supposed to be relations of the Siamese and Burmese, and possibly the Hakkas belong to the same race; these foreigners are said to have immigrated into the two Kwangs apparently at the time of the Mongol dynasty of Kiangsu or Shantung, in 1205-1368. It was not until 1730 that the Miaotsze in Yunnan and Kweichau were subjected to the Chinese supremacy, whereas in Kwangsi independent tribes still maintain their existence. The Yao or Yau yin, also said to be members of the Miaotsze, lived in Kwangsi until the twelfth century and then migrated to the peninsula of Liauchau, where they still continue a half-independent existence; in 1832 they began a revolt which was only suppressed with difficulty. The other great group of original inhabitants which has maintained itself within the country is that of the Lolo in Szechwan and Yunnan, who are thought to be related to the Kakyes, Shans, and Burmese; they are also divided into tribes which have made a nominal submission to the Chinese and tribes which decline to allow the Chinese a passage through their mountains, whence they make raids upon the surrounding districts.{{استشهاد بكتاب}}: |المجلد= يحوي نصًّا زائدًا (مساعدة)
